FUDMA Records of Chemical Sciences (FRsCS) is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research papers, reviews, technical reports, and brief communications in all fields of chemistry and related disciplines. We publish articles on topics like Histo chemistry, Hydrogenation chemistry, Immunochemistry, Marine chemistry, Materials science, Mathematical chemistry, Mechano chemistry, Medicinal chemistry, Molecular biology, Molecular mechanics, Natural product chemistry, Organometallic chemistry, Petrochemistry, Pharmacology, agrochemistry, applied chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, biogeochemistry, biotechnology, chemical process engineering, chemical technology, chemistry and chemical science education, combinational chemistry, computational chemistry, coordination chemistry, cytochemistry, electrochemistry, environmental analytical chemistry, environmental chemistry, food chemistry, forensic chemistry, geochemistry, histochemistry, , hydrochemistry, industrial chemistry, inorganic chemistry, medical and pharmaceutical chemistry, nanomaterials and nanosystems, natural products chemistry, nuclear chemistry, organic chemistry, photochemistry, physical chemistry, polymer chemistry, solid-state chemistry, sonochemistry, surface chemistry and theoretical chemistry. Our journal has a wide-ranging scope which covers the full breadth of the chemical sciences. The research we publish contains the sorts of novel ideas, challenging questions, and progressive thinking that bring undiscovered breakthroughs within reach but not excluding papers based on novelty, this journal facilitates the research and wishes to publish papers as long as they are technically correct and scientifically motivated. The journal also encourages the submission of useful reports of negative results. This is a quality-controlled.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State - Nigeria
Phytochemistry and Biological Activities Study of the Leaf Extractsof Senna occidentalis
The biological activity of S. occidentalis leaf extracts was investigated. The maximum inhibition for the DPPH inhibition assay of S. occidentalis was recorded at 10 ug/ml, where the scavenging activities of the control drug (Ascorbic acid) were found to be better than that of the plant extracts at all dosages except for 20 ug/ml and 50 ug/ml, where S. occidentalis showed better activity than the control. The ABTS inhibition assay result showed that the activity of the extract and the control is dose-dependent. The activities decrease with an increase in the dosage. The best activity was recorded at the lowest dosage, i.e., 10 ug/ml, where the plant extract inhibition activity was (6.474) at the same dosage against (27.394) of the positive control. Polyphenolic extracts of S. occidentalis leaves have demonstrated high antioxidative activities and very promising anti-diabetic activities in vitro. The antioxidant and antidiabetic inhibition properties of the polyphenolic-rich extracts were also studied in this study, and it revealed that the plant extract showed better activities than the conventional antidiabetic drug acarbose. The leaves' extract of polyphenolic-rich extract had a significant amount of compounds, according to the LC-MS-based analysis. A total of six (6) compounds belonging to different phenolic families, namely, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavones, and other compounds of vast biological importance, were identified based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Compounds identified include dihydro quercetin, 3-feruloylquinic acid, sinapic acid, rhamnoside, malic acid, quaillaic acid, 3- O-methyl gallic acid, and N-Acetyl-6-O-L-fucosyl-D-glucosamine
Copyright (c) 2026 Abubakar Y. Galambi, Hamza Abubakar A., Bello Oluwasesan M. (Author)
Phytochemical Analysis of the Leaves of Senna occidentalis
The study investigates the phytochemical composition of leaves of Senna occidentalis collected in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria, with a view to supporting their emerging medicinal use. Dried, powdered leaves were successively extracted by cold maceration with n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol, and the resulting crude extracts were concentrated and profiled using thin-layer chromatography to optimize n-hexane/ethyl acetate solvent systems for subsequent column chromatography fractionation. Guided by TLC, fractions from silica gel columns were pooled and further purified, and the methanol extract was subjected to LC–MS/MS analysis under validated conditions to identify major secondary metabolites. The extraction gave low but distinct yields for nhexane (0.40%), dichloromethane (0.34%), and methanol (0.56%) fractions, each exhibiting multiple UV-active TLC spots indicative of chemically diverse constituents. LC–MS/MS profiling tentatively identified eight phenolic and related compounds, including flavones and hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives such as apigenin 7-O-apiosylglucoside, 3-O-methylcatechin, kaempferide, malic acid, and other polyphenolic structures of known biological relevance. These findings demonstrate that S. occidentalis leaves constitute a polyphenol-rich matrix containing structurally diverse phytochemicals with reported antioxidant, antimicrobial, and other pharmacological activities, thereby providing a chemical basis for its traditional use and a rational foundation for further bioactivity-guided studies and potential drug discovery
Copyright (c) 2026 Abubakar Y. Galambi, Abdulrasheed Shitu, Bello Oluwasesan M. (Author)
Preparation and Characterization of Rice Husk-Derived Activated Carbon for Efficient Removal of Rhodamine B from Aqueous Solution
This study investigated the adsorption efficiency of activated carbon prepared from rice husk (TRH-Na) for removing Rhodamine B (RhB) from aqueous solution. The effects of initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH and temperature on adsorption capacity were optimized. The TRH-Na was characterized using bulk density, moisture content, ash content, FTIR and SEM/EDX analyses. The optimal adsorption conditions were determined, and the adsorption data fitted well to the Langmuir and Temkin isotherms, which indicates monolayer adsorption onto the surface of the TRH-Na. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the sorption kinetics. Thermodynamic analysis revealed negative ΔG values, indicating a feasible and spontaneous adsorption process, and negative ΔH values, confirming an exothermic process. These findings demonstrate the potential of TRH-Na as an effective adsorbent for removing RhB from aqueous solution
Copyright (c) 2025 Mutiat Kehinde Subair, Folahan Amoo Adekola , Ismaila Ayinde Oba (Author)
A Comprehensive Literature Review on the Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Investigation of Senna occidentalis
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link is a pantropical medicinal plant with a rich history of use across multiple traditional healthcare systems, particularly in Africa and Asia. This comprehensive literature review (2010–2025) synthesizes recent advances in the phytochemistry and pharmacological profiling of S. occidentalis, with emphasis on the differential bioactive composition of its leaves, roots, bark, and stems. Phytochemical analyses have identified over 75 phenolic compounds, including unique flavonoid C‑glycosides, along with significant levels of anthraquinones, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids, whose distribution varies markedly across plant tissues. Pharmacological investigations confirm broad‑spectrum bioactivities, including potent antiplasmodial, anti‑trypanosomal, antimicrobial (against bacteria, fungi, and multidrug‑resistant strains), antioxidant, enzyme‑inhibitory (e.g., α‑glucosidase, cholinesterase), antidiabetic, anti‑inflammatory, analgesic, and cardiovascular effects. Despite its promising therapeutic potential, safety concerns—notably dose‑dependent hepatotoxicity and risks associated with chronic anthraquinone exposure—warrant careful toxicological evaluation. The review highlights the need for standardized extraction protocols, clinical validation, and mechanistic studies to translate traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge into evidence‑based therapeutics. S. occidentalis emerges as a valuable source of novel bioactive compounds for addressing global health challenges such as infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and antimicrobial resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abubakar Y. Galambi, Abdulrasheed Shitu , Bello Oluwasesan M (Author)
Health Risk Assessment of Selected Heavy Metals in Imported Herbal Teas Consumed in Dutsin-ma Town Katsina State, Nigeria
Mixed-ligand Herbal teas are widely consumed for their perceived health benefits, but their contamination with toxic metals poses potential risks to human health. This study aimed to determine the concentration of selected toxic metals –such as lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) in commonly consumed herbal teas samples. Twenty samples of popular herbal teas were randomly purchased from herbal tea vendors in Dutsin-Ma town of Katsina state located in northern Nigeria and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and Micro-plasma emission spectrometer. The evaluation indicated that the level of heavy metals varied between the various brands of the herbal teas, though according to the estimated daily intake of the heavy metals iron (Fe) was found to be more concentrated in the samples while lead (Pb) is the least. In the order Fe>Zn>Cd>Pb>Cr the average mean of dose intake of metals were 0.657, 0.118, 0.0014, 0.0009 0.0023 m/kg/day respectively. The value of the hazard index (HI) and Target hazard quotient (THQ) were <1. The result was compared with permissible limits set by the regulatory agencies such as the WHO and FDA. These implies that consumption of such herbal risk carried a modest risk of heavy metals exposure and has minimal negative health effect, while they are good source of iron to human.
Copyright (c) 2025 Okunola O. J., Bello Oluwasesan M., Abubakar Y. Galambi, Abdulrasheed Shitu (Author)
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Fe(III), Co(II), and Ni(II) Complexes with Quercetin and 2-Aminothiazole
Mixed-ligand complexes of quercetin (QUE) and 2-aminothiazole (2-AMT) with Fe(III), Co(II), and Ni(II) ions were synthesized via a solvothermal reflux route using a 1:1:1 metal-to-ligand ratio. The complexes, formulated as [M(QUE)(2-AMT)(H₂O)₂] (M = Fe, Co, Ni), were characterized by elemental analysis, UV–Visible Spectroscopy, and FT–IR spectroscopy. Spectral data confirmed bidentate coordination of QUE through its carbonyl and hydroxyl oxygen atoms and of 2-AMT via the endocyclic nitrogen, consistent with octahedral geometry around the metal centers. The complexes exhibited low molar conductivities (15–25 Ω⁻¹ cm² mol⁻¹), indicating their non-electrolytic nature and neutral stoichiometry. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aspergillus niger using the agar well diffusion method. All complexes showed enhanced activity compared to the free ligands, with the Co(II) complex displaying the highest potency (22 mm inhibition zone against P. aeruginosa, MIC = 75 μg/mL). The observed enhancement is attributed to increased lipophilicity and metal–ligand synergism that facilitates microbial membrane penetration. These findings underscore the potential of quercetin–2-aminothiazole coordination frameworks as promising scaffolds for metal-based antimicrobial drug design.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullahi O. Rajee, Kareemat T. Adesope, Saadu O. Haizat, Abdulbasit A. Aliyu, Sheriff O. Ayinla, Rabiat H. Ibrahim, Omotola E. Tajudeen (Author)
Convergence Tests and Surface Energy Calculation of Au (111) using Density Functional Theory
Accurate numerical convergence is crucial for prediction of surface property using density functional theory (DFT). In this work, we use Quantum ESPRESSO with PBE-PAW pseudopotentials to conduct a systematic convergence analysis of the kinetic-energy cutoff, k-point density, and lattice parameter for bulk Au. Bulk optimization was performed by varying the lattice constant from 3.94 Å to 4.22 Å, yielding an optimized value of 4.06 Å in agreement with experimental findings. The surface energy of the unreconstructed Au (111) surface was determined to be 1.20 using converged parameters, which is consistent with reported theoretical and experimental results. This study provides reliable, benchmark computational parameters for further investigations of adsorption, catalysis, and electrochemical phenomena on the gold Au (111) surface, specifically the unreconstructed phase
Copyright (c) 2025 Suleiman Ahmed Manjo, Ibrahim Murtala Musa, Mustapha Shehu, Elbulatory Musa Muhammad, Maharaz Muhammad Nasir, Ibrahim Sa’adu , Aminu Aliyu Safana (Author)
Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Assessment of Insecticidal Potentials of Aspergillus Myco-Metabolites against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae)
The increasing resistance of Anopheles gambiae to synthetic insecticides has necessitated the search for sustainable, bio-based alternatives. This study investigated the characterization of bioactive compounds and insecticidal potential of Aspergillus myco-metabolites isolated from soil samples collected within the Federal University Dutse (11°45′N, 9°20′E), Jigawa State, Nigeria. The fungus, designated Aspergillus FUD-AS1, was cultured in potato dextrose broth for ten days, and secondary metabolites were extracted using ethyl acetate. The crude extract was analyzed using GC–MS and FTIR spectroscopy to determine its chemical composition and functional groups. GC–MS identified thirteen compounds dominated by fatty acids and terpenoids, including hexadecanoic acid (19.6 ± 0.5%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (16.8 ± 0.4%), and oleic acid (13.2 ± 0.3%) with significant differences (p < 0.001). Larvicidal bioassay results revealed a dose- and time-dependent mortality, with 100% larval death achieved at 80 mg/L after 48 h and an LC₅₀ of 26.8 ± 1.1 mg/L. Adulticidal assays showed complete mortality at 80 mg/L within 24 h and an LC₅₀ of 3.0 ± 0.2 µg/mosquito (p < 0.001). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity increased significantly from 1.18 ± 0.05 to 1.96 ± 0.08 U/mg protein (p < 0.001), indicating metabolic stress. Storage stability tests demonstrated >90% retention of insecticidal activity after four weeks at 25 °C and eight weeks at 4 °C (p = 0.004). These findings confirm that Aspergillus FUD-AS1 metabolites possess potent, temperature-stable insecticidal properties suitable for integrated vector management. The study highlights the potential of fungal bioactive compounds as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides for controlling malaria vectors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adeniyi, K.A., , Salami, K. D.,, Bello Z. T., , Adeyekun, A. L., , Mansur M.M. (Author)
Insight into the Chemistry, Therapeutic, and Pharmaceutical Applications of Glycosides: A Review
Glycosides are substances in which the anomeric carbon of a non-sugar moiety (aglycone) contains a sugar molecule (glycone) joined by a glycosidic bond. This unique structure confers a dual character to glycosides, combining the water-solubility of the glycone with the diverse biological activity of the aglycone, making them pivotal in chemical ecology and modern pharmacology. Numerous significant chemical classes, including hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids, and antibiotics, contain glycosides. Natural glycosides are found in many places in nature, including plants and animals. Some plant glycosides, like taxifolin, gracillin, hecogenin, emulsin, emodin, chrysaloin, digoxin, and thevetin, can be obtained from rhododendron mucronulatum and silybum marianum, dioscorea quinqueloba, agave sisalana, almond, rheum palmatum linn, rhamnus purshiana, digitalis lanata, and thevetia nerifolia. While some animal glycosides include sepositoside, glucuronide, marinobufagenin, cardenolides, and ouabain, which can be found in fish, starfish, sea cucumbers, dogs, birds, rhinella marina, milkweed butterflies, canis lupus familiaris, and wistar rats. Glycosides can be synthesized by adding a sugar unit molecule (glycone) chemically to another molecule (aglycone) through a glycosidic bond. Glycosides are classified by glycone (glucosides, galactosides, fructosides), by type of glycosidic bond (C-, O-, N-, and S- linkages), and by aglycon (iridoid, alcoholic, anthraquinone, flavonoid, coumarin, chromone, cardiac, steviol, cyanogenic, phenolic, and saponins). Glycosides are often more polar than the corresponding aglycones. Glycosyltransferases (Gts) are biocatalysts that show exceptional selectivity during glycosylation. In some situations, glycosylation solely affects pharmacokinetic parameters, like in vivo circulation, elimination, and concentration in different bodily fluids. In other situations, the glycosidic residue is essential for bioactivity. Understanding the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of glycosides also points to possible ways to improve the chemical, such as lowering toxicity, improving selectivity, or boosting antibacterial action. Synthesis and isolation of glycosides can be carried out using polar solvents, such as water, methanol, ethanol, or (CH3)2CO, high-performance liquid chromatography, stas- otto method, alcoholic extraction and organic solvents. This review meticulously details the extensive therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications of glycosides, encompassing cardiovascular, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and immunomodulatory activities. By synthesizing this information, the review underscores the immense potential of glycosides as a reservoir for lead compounds in drug discovery and development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faith Obianauju Otukwude, Ahamefula Anselem Ahuchaogu, James Onyedikachi Nwagba, Taribo Prisca Nnalu, Johnson Chikwadom Kalu, Chintua Ephraim Igara , Bello Oluwasesan M. (Author)
Environmental Drivers of Anopheles Mosquito Abundance: Insights from Water Physicochemical Parameters in Dutse, Nigeria
Malaria remains a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, with its persistence often linked to environmental and physicochemical dynamics influencing mosquito breeding habitats. This study elucidated the relationship between Anopheles mosquito abundance and key physicochemical parameters across four rural communities in Dutse Metropolis, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Larval sampling was conducted in multiple aquatic habitats, followed by laboratory rearing and morphological identification. Measured parameters included pH (5.9–7.8), temperature (24.7–27.7 °C), dissolved oxygen (5.1–9.2 mg/L), total dissolved solids (502.4–1019.6 ppm), and electrical conductivity (870.5–1663.2 μS/cm). A total of 5,545 Anopheles specimens were recorded, with Kwaimawa showing the highest abundance (34.48%) and Kargo the lowest (20.19%). Correlation analyses revealed site-specific relationships: a strong positive correlation between mosquito abundance and pH in Kaci (r = 0.98, p < 0.05), but negative correlations in Kwaimawa and Jigawar Tsada (r = –0.72, p < 0.05). Temperature showed significant positive correlations with abundance in Kwaimawa and Jigawar Tsada (r = 0.83, p < 0.05), whereas dissolved oxygen exhibited strong negative correlations in Kaci (r = –0.95, p < 0.05). These contrasting associations underscore that Anopheles ecology is highly site-dependent, reflecting the influence of local physicochemical and habitat conditions. Findings highlight the need for environmentally tailored, site-specific vector control strategies. In Kwaimawa, reducing agricultural runoff and acidity may suppress breeding, while in Kaci, managing water stability and microclimate could be more effective. By linking environmental monitoring with entomological surveillance, this research provides actionable evidence to inform policy and strengthen malaria prevention programs in northern Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2025 Dogara Musa Mustapha, Adeniyi, K.A., , Muzammil, W.S.,, Shamsiyya, H.,, M.B. Mustapha.,, Suraj, A.,, Abdullahi Hafiz Adam, Shuaibu, T., Bello Z. T. (Author)
The Nutritional Advantage of Repurposed Tea Residues in Animal Nutrition: An In-depth Review
The escalating global consumption of tea generates substantial quantities of tea residues, presenting both an environmental challenge and a potential resource for valorization. This in-depth review synthesizes current knowledge on the nutritional advantages of incorporating repurposed tea residues, particularly used tea bags, into animal feed. It examines the residual bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins, that persist after brewing and their potential roles in enhancing animal health and productivity. Drawing upon recent literature (2010-2025), the review discusses how these compounds can modulate digestive enzymes, improve antioxidant status, and exert anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects in livestock. Specific attention is given to the implications for improved nutrient digestibility, enhanced immune function, and sustainable feed production. While acknowledging the need for further research, particularly in vivo studies, this review highlights the promising prospects of utilizing tea waste as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly feed additive, contributing to circular economy principles in agriculture. The integration of tea residues into animal diets offers a dual benefit: waste reduction and nutritional enhancement, paving the way for innovative and sustainable animal feeding strategies
Copyright (c) 2025 Abubakar Sulaiman, Balkisu O. Abdulrahman, Bello Oluwasesan M. (Author)
RECENT REVIEW ON ADSORPTION TECHNIQUES FOR THE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS
This paper provides a detailed review of adsorption techniques for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous systems, with particular focus on batch and continuous flow operations. The fundamental concepts of adsorption, including physisorption and chemisorption, are discussed to highlight the interaction between adsorbents and adsorbates. Various adsorbent materials applied to the treatment of heavy metals such as Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Co, Cu, and Mn are examined, reflecting the diversity and efficiency of approaches reported in literature. The review compares experimental designs for both batch and column adsorption systems, drawing attention to the distinct operating mechanisms and performance indicators associated with each method. For continuous flow processes, operational parameters such as inlet ion concentration, flow rate, and bed height are evaluated, while batch systems are analyzed in terms of contact time, pH, temperature, and adsorbent dosage. In addition, adsorption isotherm and kinetic models relevant to both systems are reviewed, offering insights into mechanistic understanding and predictive capabilities. The paper further highlights practical challenges that hinder large-scale application, including adsorbent regeneration, process cost, and system design limitations. By consolidating current knowledge, this review underscores the potential of adsorption as a viable technique for heavy metal removal while identifying research gaps and future directions necessary for advancing its practical implementation in water treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Isah Yusuf Shinkafi, Abubakar Lawal , Nura Suleiman Gwaram (Author)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) Contamination in Spices from Katsina State, Nigeria: A Review of Sources, Migration Pathways, and Health Implications
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with signiﬁcant health implications due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Spices, integral to global culinary practices, are susceptible to PAH contamination through various environmental and processing pathways. This review synthesizes existing literature on PAH occurrence, sources, and migration into spices, with a speciﬁc focus on the context of Katsina State, Nigeria. Drawing upon recent studies (2010-2025), this manuscript explores the primary routes of PAH exposure for spices, including atmospheric deposition, soil contamination, and processing methods such as drying and smoking. It further examines the factors inﬂuencing PAH accumulation and distribution in diﬀerent spice varieties. The review highlights the potential health risks associated with consuming PAH-contaminated spices and discusses current regulatory frameworks and mitigation strategies. By consolidating current knowledge, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of PAH contamination in spices, particularly within the Nigerian context, and to identify critical gaps for future research to safeguard public health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sale Shukurana Damaga, Adisa Sodeeq A. , Bello Oluwasesan M. (Author)
Enhancement of Nigerian Montmorillonite Clay Mineral by HDTMA+ and TMPA+ Cation Intercalation for Multi-Component Adsorption of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) in Aqueous Solution
This study investigates the enhancement of Nigerian montmorillonite clay through intercalation with hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA⁺) and trimethylphenylammonium (TMPA⁺) cations for the adsorption of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) from aqueous solutions. The modified clays, Mt-HDTMA and Mt-TMPA, were characterized for physicochemical properties, revealing increased hydrophobicity and cation exchange capacity. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that Mt-HDTMA exhibited higher adsorption capacities (7.73–12.95 mg/g) compared to Mt-TMPA (5.81–9.73 mg/g), attributed to the longer alkyl chain of HDTMA⁺ enhancing hydrophobic interactions. Kinetic studies indicated that adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model, suggesting chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Isotherm analysis revealed that the Freundlich model best described the adsorption process, indicating multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Thermodynamic studies confirmed the endothermic and spontaneous nature of BTEX adsorption, with Gibbs free energy (ΔG) values becoming more negative at higher temperatures. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations supported experimental findings, showing stronger adsorption energies for Mt-HDTMA (-34.56 to -40.15 kJ/mol) than Mt-TMPA (-28.74 to -34.67 kJ/mol), with xylene exhibiting the highest affinity due to π-π interactions. These results highlight the potential of surfactant-modified montmorillonite as an efficient and cost-effective adsorbent for BTEX removal from contaminated water, with HDTMA+-modified clay showing superior performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahamefula A. Ahuchaogu, Kelechi E. Onwuka, Jude C. Igwe, Anthony I. Obike (Author)
Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of the Leaf Extract of Chloris breviseta Benth
The antioxidant activity of the ethanol leaf extract of Chloris breviseta Benth (Poaceae) was evaluated using in vitro assays. The powdered leaves were extracted with ethanol and fractionated into n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, anthraquinones, and carbohydrates. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The chloroform fraction demonstrated the strongest radical scavenging effect (IC₅₀ = 532 µg/mL) compared with ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ = 269 µg/mL). FTIR analysis identified functional groups corresponding to alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, esters, and carboxylic acids. GC-MS confirmed the presence of squalene, a bioactive triterpene with known antioxidant properties. These findings highlight C. breviseta as a promising natural source of antioxidant compounds for therapeutic applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulkarim Ismail, Sa’adatu Hassan Dan-Ali (Author)
Physicochemical Properties, Elemental Composition, and Health Risk Assessment of Honey in the three Senatorial Zones of Katsina State, Nigeria
This study evaluated the physicochemical properties, elemental composition, and health risks of 12 honey samples from Katsina State, Nigeria. While most samples met SON guidelines for moisture, pH, and free acidity, elevated cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) levels in some samples (33.3% and 41.7% exceeding limits, respectively) indicate environmental contamination. Health risk assessment revealed significant non-carcinogenic (HQ >1) and carcinogenic risks (TCR up to 4.57×10⁻³) from Cd and Pb exposure. Findings confirm that the majority of samples meet established global benchmarks, including moisture content (≤20%), pH (3.2–4.5), free acidity (≤50 meq/kg), and ash content (≤0.6 mg/100g), in accordance with SON and Codex Alimentarius standards. It is also noteworthy to assume that significant deviations were observed in the levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)—two non-essential, toxic metals. Specifically, 33.3% of the samples exceeded the Codex limit for Cd (0.05 mg/kg), while 41.7% surpassed the Pb threshold (0.10 mg/kg). The associated Hazard Quotient (HQ) values > 1 and Hazard Index (HI) values up to 4.57 indicate chronic exposure risks, which could result in renal toxicity (Cd) and neurobehavioral or developmental impairments (Pb). Also, Sample J exhibited the highest potential. The findings highlight the need for stricter environmental monitoring and quality control in honey production to ensure consumer safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulmuhaimin Sulaiman Rahma, Haruna Abdullahi, Muhammad Sulaiman Rahama (Author)
Bioactive Constituents of Mitragyna inermis Leaves: GC-MSProfiling and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies againstMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
The pervasive dissemination of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) underscores the urgent need for the identification of novel therapeutic agents, whether accompanied by side effects or not. Mitragyna inermis, a plant revered in traditional Nigerian medicine, emerges as a promising reservoir of antimicrobial compounds. The phytochemical constituents of an ethanol leaf extract of M. inermis were elucidated through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Molecular docking studies were conducted against two pivotal MRSA targets: penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a; PDB ID: 4CJN) and the tyrosine kinase domain (PDB ID: 1MWT), utilizing PyRx software. Ciprofloxacin served as a reference ligand. The drug-likeness and toxicity profiles of the top-scoring compounds were predicted employing SwissADME and admetSAR. GC-MS analysis discerned 32 distinct compounds, with cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid (12.33%) emerging as the most prevalent. Molecular docking revealed an array of compounds exhibiting robust binding affinities. Notably, (8Z)- 1-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (LMI1) demonstrated the highest binding energy (-7.20 kcal/mol for both protein targets), surpassing ciprofloxacin in its efficacy against 4CJN. ADMET predictions indicated favorable drug-like characteristics for the majority of the leading compounds, although certain ligands exhibited potential hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. M. inermis harbors bioactive compounds with substantial binding affinity to MRSA-associated proteins. The in silico findings suggest that these compounds, particularly LMI1, represent promising candidates for anti-MRSA drug development and merit further validation through in vitro and in vivo studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 A.T. Ajiboye, A.O. Musa, H.O. Abdulrasaq, A.A. Ahmad (Author)
EVALUATION OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND APPARENT NUTRIENTS DIGESTIBILITY IN OUDA LAMBS FED WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATE FEEDS IN KANO STATE, NORTH WESTERN NIGERIA
The research was carried out at the small ruminant teaching and research unit of Audu Bako College of Agriculture, Danbatta, Kano, to evaluate the effects of feeding Ouda lambs different concentrate feeds and groundnut hay on performance and apparent digestibility. Twenty-five lambs were randomly allotted in a completely randomised design to five treatments, i.e., diet A (Compounded), B (Ricogardo), C (Albarka), D (Knarda), and E (Animal care). Diet A was formulated and floor mixed, and served as a control, while B, C, D, and E were commercially purchased. Each treatment comprised five lambs and was fed with the respective diet. Data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA, and means were separated using the Duncan multiple range test. The result revealed a significantly (p<0.05) lowest total average feed intake (650.10 g) in treatment A, with the highest weight gain, the highest feed conversion efficiency (0.19), and a better feed conversion ratio. Treatment C correspondingly revealed the highest weekly weight gain (886.1g) and the lowest mean value (795.00 g), respectively. Meanwhile, treatment E had a significantly (p<0.05) highest total average feed intake (780.00g) with the lowest feed conversion ratio (6.43). Dry matter and nutrients digestibility results showed that Treatment A (77.17%) recorded the highest mean value compared to Treatment E (76.85%) and Treatment B (76.05%). The CP digestibility was significantly (p<0.05) highest in Treatment B and lowest in Treatment C. Treatments A, C, and D were statistically similar (p>0.05) in terms of CF digestibility, with Treatment C recording a significantly (p<0.05) lowest mean value. The result further revealed that EE digestibility was higher in treatment A (58.25%), while treatment E had the lowest mean value (52.60%). The result expressed that ash digestibility was higher in treatment E (77.91%) and lowest in treatment A (68.26%). The study revealed that concentrate supplement and groundnut hay could be used as feed for small ruminants, without any deleterious effect on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and nutrient utilization It is recommended that small ruminants be fed with concentrate supplements and groundnut hay for enhanced nutrient utilization and growth performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Madigawa, I. L., , Sulaiman, S. L., , Yusuf, A., , Madobi, I. S., , Kalla, D. J. U., , Yerima, J., , Murtala, U. , Bichi, A. A. (Author)
Effects of Processing Methods on Nutrient Intake, Digestibility, and Nitrogen Utilisation in Red Sokoto Bucks fed Piliostigma reticulatum Pods
The nutrient intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of Red Sokoto bucks fed diets containing different processed forms of Piliostigma reticulatum pods were assessed in an experiment. A completely randomized design was used to assign fifteen bucks at random to three different diets. Treatment one served as control; therefore was fed without processing, while in treatment two, the P. reticulatum pods were soaked in water for twenty-four hours and in treatment three, the pods were roasted under controlled time and temperature. The experiment lasted for 63 days. The findings showed that there were significant (p<0.05) differences in nutrient intake. Dry matter intake was significantly (p<0.05) different among the treatment diets and treatment three, where the Red Sokoto bucks were fed with roasted pods, recorded the highest dry matter intake (903.0 g), outperforming both the raw (T1) and soaked (T2) forms, which were 873.2 and 873.2 g each. Neutral Detergent Fiber intake (NDFI) was similar (p>0.05) among the treatment diets. T3 had the highest numerical value (195.9 g) while the lowest were obtained in T1 (Control) and T2 (Soaked) with 184.2 and 170.1 g, respectively. Acid detergent fiber intake was significantly (p<0.05) different across the diets and the highest value was recorded in animals fed with (T3), which had 101.56 g, and the least was obtained in T1 (81.88g) and T2 (75.27 g). Crude Protein Intake (CPI) was similar (p>0.05) across the diets, with the highest numerical value recorded in T2 (819.0 g) and the lowest value recorded in T3 (816.4 g) and T1 (664.1 g). However, ash intake was similar (p>0.05) across the treatments, where the highest numerical value was recorded in the animals fed with T3 (121291g) and the lowest value was recorded in T2 (110924 g). Crude fiber intake was highest for Red Sokoto bucks fed with T3 (87.92 g) and the least was recorded in T2 (72.36 g). There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in nutrient digestibilities. However, dry matter digestibility (DMD), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) and crude fiber digestibility (CFD) were numerically highest in treatments 2 (92.72, 87.13 and 92.24%), and lowest in treatment 3 and 1 (72.00, 85.69 and 89.53%) and (81.76, 75.56 and 81.67%) On the otherhand, ash digestibility (ASHD), acid detergent fiber digestibility (ADFD) and crude protein digestibility (CPD) were higher in treatment 3 (81.62%). These values were lowest in treatments 1 and 2 (77.70 and 78.41) respectively. The values for nitrogen utilization were similar, only the total output and nitrogen retained as percentage body intake were significantly (p<0.05) different, where T3 recorded the lowest output (0.24 g/d) and highest nitrogen retention as percentage body intake (56.19 g/d). The dietary treatments had an impact on the better utilization of feeds. Treatment 3 where animals were fed with roasted Piliostigma reticulatum pods was suggested for raising Red Sokoto bucks due to the higher dry matter intake, neutral detergent fiber intake, acid detergent fiber intake, ash intake, crude fiber intake, crude protein digestibility, digestibility of ash, lower nitrogen output, higher nitrogen absorption as percentage body weight intake and higher nitrogen retention as percentage body weight intake compared to other treatments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yusuf, A., , Madigawa, L. I., , Ahmad, M. Y., , Abdulwahab, K. S.,, Rabi’u, N., , Abdulwahid, A., , Aminu, A.,, Yerima, J.,, Idowu, A.,, Danzabuwa, A. I., , DanAbba, Y. U., , Murtala, U. (Author)
Phytochemical Profiling, Antimicrobial Efficacy, and GC-MSIdentification of Bioactive Constituents in Xeroderris stuhlmanniiStem Bark
This research elucidates the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial efficacy of Xeroderris stuhlmannii stem bark extracts, validating its traditional medicinal use. Sequential solvent extraction yielded methanol as the most prolific solvent (3.63% w/w), suggesting a high concentration of polar metabolites. Phytochemical screening confirmed a diverse array of bioactive secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides. Antimicrobial evaluation demonstrated significant, solventdependent activity, with the dichloromethane (DCM) extract exhibiting superior and broadspectrum efficacy. The DCM extract showed a maximum inhibition zone of 30 mm against Salmonella typhi and potent activity against Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of this bioactive DCM extract identified 27 compounds. The major constituents were dibutyl phthalate (38.52%), a known antimicrobial agent; lupeol (11.29%), a triterpenoid with well-documented pharmacological properties; and bis(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate (8.53%). The high abundance of these bioactive compounds correlates directly with the observed potent antimicrobial activity. These findings conclusively identify Xeroderris stuhlmannii stem bark as a rich source of natural antimicrobial compounds, supporting its ethnobotanical applications and underscoring its potential for development into novel therapeutic agents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kabir, U. M., Tijjani Ali, Ogbesejana Abiodun B., Kabir, S. (Author)
Adsorptive Removal of Chromium (III) From Aqueous Solution Using Funtionalized MIL53: Amine, Sulfonic, and Cyano groups
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid Were synthesized and modified via post-synthetic modification, incorporating sulfonic, cyano, and amino functional groups. Various techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS), thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), used to assess the functional group, structures, surface area, thermal stability, and pore characteristics. The results confirmed successful incorporation of SO2H, CN, and NH2 functional groups into the MOFs. The adsorption capacities of the MOFs show that MIL-53+CN adsorbent has the highest adsorption capacity (qe values) of 59 mg/g, followed by MIL-53+SO2H (55.75) mg/g, while MIL-53+NH2 adsorbent has the lowest adsorption capacity of 49 mg/g. Thermodynamic analysis indicated an exothermic adsorption process. Also, Response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to optimize adsorption conditions, including concentration (10-100 mg/L), pH (4-10), and dosage (0.01-0.05 g). The model predicted maximum adsorption yields for MIL-53+SO3H, MIL-53+CN and MIL-53+NH2, with values of 96, 79 and 92.06 mg/g, respectively, under specific conditions. The results demonstrate the potential of functionalized MOFs, particularly MIL-53+SO3, for the selective removal of Cr(III) metal ions from aqueous media
Copyright (c) 2025 Ogundele Damilola Tope, Adeyemi Deborah Adefunke, Olayemi Victoria Tosin, Akeem Adebayo Jimoh (Author)
Synthesis, Characterization and Optimization of Alumina-Supported, Biogenic CaO Catalysts for Enhanced Biodiesel Production from Waste Peanut Oil.
Biodiesel is a sustainable and commercially viable alternative to fossil fuels, offering a viable solution to the rising global energy and environmental challenges. This study examined the transesterification of waste peanut oil into biodiesel using a calcium oxide catalyst supported on alumina (CwChFh-A6). The catalyst was prepared by calcining animal bones derived from cow, chicken, and fish sources to improve basicity and thermal stability. The catalysts' elemental composition, thermal characteristics, and functional groups were ascertained by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). Waste peanut oil was pre-treated to lower its iodine, peroxide, saponification, and free fatty acid values, rendering it more suitable for the production of biodiesel. The synthesized CwChFh-A6 produced a high biodiesel yield of 97% under optima reaction conditions with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.339 min⁻¹, a turnover number (TON) of 4.64. The main fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) identified by GC-MS analysis were methyl oleate (C18:1), methyl stearate (C18:0), and methyl linoleate (C18:2), with an overall purity of more than 96%. The statistical modelling showed a good fit (R2 > 0.9311), and reaction temperature and time were found to be the primary factors influencing the obtained biodiesel yields. These findings exhibit the potential of waste valorization in enhancing quality production of biodiesel.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aliru Olajide MUSTAPHA, Yemisi Tokunbo AFOLABI , Wahab. A OSUNNIRAN (Author)
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Secondary Metabolites in the Stem Bark of Combretum camporum from Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State Nigeria
The plant Combretum camporum is employed in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments, with the stem bark being a reservoir of diverse antimicrobial agents. Consequently, the main objective of this research is to authenticate the antimicrobial properties of this plant. Cold extraction was adopted for the extraction of the pulverized plant’s stem bark using dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol as solvents. The chemical composition of the extracts was screened using standard protocols. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), with the TLC sheets developed in an ethyl acetate/petroleum ether solvent system, was used to determine the number of metabolites in the extracts. Evaluation of the antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus Spp, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum and Aspergillus niger, was performed using the serial dilution method. Methanol emerged as the most effective extractant, displaying a higher yield of plant material (11.6 g) compared to dichloromethane (5.8 g). A diverse phytochemical compounds were detected in the plant’s extracts, which include alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, and triterpenoids. The thin-layer chromatography showed four and five prominent bands for the DCM and methanol extracts, respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) values against the tested bacteria and fungi ranged from 62.5 to 250 mg/mL, MIC values ranging from 62.5 mg/mL (Salmonella typhi) to 250 mg/mL (Aspergillus niger). The findings suggest that the stem bark of Combretum camporum harbors compounds that exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties. Therefore, Combretum camporum stands out as a promising reservoir of antimicrobial agents. Hence, further research endeavors are imperative to isolate the active constituents’ isolation of flavonoids/alkaloids is recommended due to their high antimicrobial activity, and also conduct additional assessments, such as cytotoxicity studies on the plant’s extracts
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamisu Umar, Tijjani Ali, Adikwu Gowon Jacob (Author)
Operational Efficiency of the Wastewater Treatment Plant at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
The performance evaluation of wastewater treatment plant in Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria was determined using effluents collected from each stages of the treatment process and soil irrigated with treated wastewater. The physicochemical parameters pH, electric conductivity (EC), turbidity, total dissolve solids (TDS), total solids (TS), nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-) in the water samples and heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) in the effluent water samples and irrigated soils were determined using standard methods. The results showed that the pH (7.8 - 8.7), EC (479.0 - 701.0 µS/cm), turbidity (10.35 – 55.0 NTU), TDS (285.0 - 421.0 mg/L), TS (0.2 - 0.6 mg/L), NO3- (0.032 - 0.053 mg/L) and PO43- (6.26 - 12.28 mg/L) across the sampling points. The concentration of Cd, Pb and Zn in the effluents from the treatment plants showed concentration of Pb (0.363 - 0.460 mg/L) and Zn (0.122 - 0.370 mg/L) and soil samples ranged between 19.25 and 39.25 mg/Kg, 74.75 and 308.25 mg/Kg, and 41.25 and 329.75 mg/Kg, respectively. High concentration of Pb in the irrigated soils showed that accumulation of the Pb in the soils was not due to the irrigation water, other sources such as fertilizer residues and run-offs of waste from other non-point sources could be responsible. The variation in the physicochemical parameters of the effluents across the treatment tanks showed that the sedimentation process could be used wastewater management.
Organophosphate Residues in Maize and Health Risk Implications in Selected Communities of Kogi State, Nigeria
The escalating dependence on synthetic pesticides for agricultural purposes in Nigeria has heightened apprehension regarding food safety and public health, especially in rural communities where regulatory oversight is limited. In Kogi State, maize, a principal dietary staple, is routinely exposed to chemical pesticides during cultivation and storage processes. This study investigated the concentration of organophosphate pesticide residues in maize and evaluated associated dietary health risks in four selected villages, Osara, Nagazi, Osara Gada, and Ogaminana. Composite maize samples were collected from farms, markets, and households and were analyzed using Gas Chromatography coupled with an Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD), following the QuEChERS extraction protocol. The detected pesticides, including Dichlorvos, Chlorpyrifos, and Azinphos-methyl, were all identified as organophosphates. The mean concentrations of Dichlorvos (0.0448 µg/kg) and Chlorpyrifos (0.0449 µg/kg) were below the established FAO/WHO Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) of 100 µg/kg and 50 µg/kg, respectively. Conversely, Azinphos-methyl recorded a mean concentration of 20.9966 µg/kg, slightly exceeding its MRL of 20 µg/kg. Health risk assessment based on Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) showed that Dichlorvos and Chlorpyrifos pose minimal risk (HQ<1), while Azinphos-methyl exhibited a HQ significantly above 1, indicating a potential for chronic health effects. The findings conclude that although most residues were within permissible limits, the presence of high-risk organophosphates such as Azinphos-methyl poses a concern for consumer safety. It is recommended that regular residue monitoring, farmer training on responsible pesticide use, and adoption of integrated pest management (IPM) be prioritized to enhance food safety in Kogi State.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aina, O. A., Adeniyi, K., Upahi, L., Owoleke, V. A., Itodo, A. U., Ikpa O. P., Ibrahim M. P., Tolani R. T., Mansur M.M. (Author)
The escalating global consumption of tea generates substantial quantities of tea residues, presenting both an environmental challenge and a potential resource for valorization. This in-depth review synthesizes current knowledge on the nutritional advantages of incorporating repurposed tea residues, particularly used tea bags, into animal feed. It examines the residual bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins, that persist after brewing and their potential roles in enhancing animal health and productivity. Drawing upon recent literature (2010-2025), the review discusses how these compounds can modulate digestive enzymes, improve antioxidant status, and exert anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects in livestock. Specific attention is given to the implications for improved nutrient digestibility, enhanced immune function, and sustainable feed production. While acknowledging the need for further research, particularly in vivo studies, this review highlights the promising prospects of utilizing tea waste as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly feed additive, contributing to circular economy principles in agriculture. The integration of tea residues into animal diets offers a dual benefit: waste reduction and nutritional enhancement, paving the way for innovative and sustainable animal feeding strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulhamid Dahiru, Abdullahi Abubakar, Adewusi S. Gbolahan (Author)
Chemical Composition and Antidiabetic Activity of the Leaves of Terminalia catappa Linn. Grown in Dutsin-Ma
The main objective of this study is the investigation of the antidiabetic properties of the leaf of Terminalia catappa, a medicinal plant useful for the treatment of various diseases, including diabetes, in northern Nigeria. The plant’s leaf, after preparation, was subjected to cold extraction using dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol. In vitro antidiabetic ability of Terminalia catappa leaf extracts (DCM and methanol) was evaluated by the glucose uptake method using the yeast cell model. Phytochemical screening of both the extracts and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of the most active extract (DCM) was carried. In vitro antidiabetic activity by glucose uptake of yeast cell assay showed a dose-dependent rise in % of glucose uptake of DCM and methanol extracts of Terminalia catappa leaf. Overall, DCM extract revealed the highest (94.00%) glucose uptake at a 50 μg/mL concentration. Eight phytochemicals were present in the plant’s extracts: alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, steroids, phenols, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids and glycosides. The result of the GC-MS analysis of the dichloromethane extract depicted the presence of 47 compounds. Out of these compounds, a compound, identified as Linoleic acid with (Mol. wt = 278), exhibited the maximum peak area (22.12%), followed by 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid (Mol. wt = 390) and Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (Mol. wt = 390) having peak areas of 6.85 and 5.55%, respectively. The study revealed the potential antidiabetic activity of leaf extracts of Terminalia catappa and this activity may be linked to the presence of the most abundant phytocompounds detected in the plant’s leaves
Copyright (c) 2025 Tijjani Ali, Idoko Ali Siddiq , Abdulhamid Dahiru (Author)
Effect of Insecticide (Topstoxin) on the Reproductive Indices Clarias geriepinus (African Catfish)
quatic ecosystems are increasingly threatened by agricultural runoff containing pesticides such as Topstoxin, a commonly used organophosphate. These contaminants pose a significant risk to the reproductive health of aquatic organisms, particularly fish species like Clarias gariepinus, which are important for aquaculture and ecological balance. In this study, a six month static renewal bioassay was conducted to assess the chronic reproductive effects of sublethal Topstoxin exposure on C. gariepinus. A total of 200 juvenile fish were exposed to five concentrations of Topstoxin (0.00%, 1.50%, 2.50%, 3.50%, and 4.50%). Hormonal induction using Ovaprim was applied to evaluate the effects on gamete quality, sperm motility, milt volume, fertilization rate, hatching success, and larval viability. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at a 95% confidence level. The results revealed significant dose-dependent declines in reproductive performance. Sperm motility was reduced by 65%, from 85% in the control group to 30% at the highest concentration (4.5 mg/L). Sperm abnormalities rose from 5% to 40%, and sperm volume declined by 58% (from 0.95 mL to 0.40 mL). Fertilization rates dropped by 71%, from 85% in the control to 25%, and larval hatching success and survival were markedly impaired. In conclusion, chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations of Topstoxin significantly disrupts reproductive indices in Clarias gariepinus. These findings underscore the ecotoxicological risks posed by pesticide contamination in freshwater systems and highlight the need for stringent regulation and monitoring of pesticide usage near aquatic habitats
Copyright (c) 2025 Aliyu Shehu Turaki, Timothy Auta, Armaya’u Hamisu Bichi (Author)
Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminum in 1M HCl Using Baobab Tree Pulp Extract
A corrosion study of Aluminum in 1M HCL was carried out using Baobab tree pulp extract as the potential corrosion inhibitor. Weight loss measurement was adopted to evaluate the inhibition efficiency of the extract, corrosion product and surface coverage. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for surface morphology examination. The result of the inhibition efficiency shows that extract inhibition increases with an increase in inhibitor concentration and contact time, while corrosion rate decreases with increases in contact time and extract concentration. FT-IR result of the extract corrosion product shows that some of the compounds present in the FT-IR result of the extract appear in the corrosion product, which indicates activity has taken place between the metal surface and the inhibitor, as such reduces the rate of aluminum corrosion in 1m HCL. Also SEM image of the inhibited metal coupon appears to be smooth when compared with the uninhibited one, which proved the inhibitor reduces the rate of aluminum corrosion in 1m HCL. This implies that the extract can inhibit acid corrosion of aluminum.
Copyright (c) 2025 Audu A Jibrin, Bukar Wakil, Yusuf Muhammad, Jibrin Sabo Suleiman (Author)
Synthesis and Optimization of Trimethylolpropane-Based Biolubricant from A Blend of Crude Soybean, Fish, and Waste Peanut Oils
The study aimed to create a trimethylolpropane-based biolubricant from crude edible and waste cooking oils to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. The biolubricant was produced through two-steps esterification and transesterification reactions using trimethylolpropane (TMP) in the presence of potassium hydroxide and methanol. A Box-Behnken Design (BBD)-based response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the reaction conditions, including blend oil methyl ester (BOME) to TMP molar ratio (3:1–7:1 wt%), temperature (60–100 ˚C), and reaction time (60 120 min), in 17 experimental procedures to achieve enhanced triester yield. The quadratic model was found to adequately predict the test yield, with an R2 value of 0.9054. An optimum yield of 91.097% was suggested at a molar ratio of 6.5:1 wt%, a temperature of 61.1 ˚C, and a reaction time of 60.8 min, which correlates with the experimentally mean value of 90.977% with a 0.13% difference. The physicochemical properties of the blended oil triester (BTE) showed viscosity of 72.7 and 11.8 mPa/s at 40 and 100 ˚C, a viscosity index of 136, a flash point of 205 ˚C, and a pour point of 2.5 ˚C.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aliru Olajide Mustapha, Muhammed Hatim Garuba, Halimat Feyishayo Olasode (Author)